Destabilisation of the Subpolar North Atlantic prior to the Little Ice Age.

The resulting Kendall τ coefficient ranges between −1 and 1: where values close to 1 indicate an increasing trend, and −1 a decreasing trend.

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To measure the strength of the trends in the indicators for each period, we use the Kendall’s τ correlation coefficient, in which positive values indicate an increasing trend, interpreted as declining resilience 29 .

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