1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride grafted phthalocyanine macromolecules as an anode material for lithium ion batteries.

R 1 is the contact impedance and transfer impedance between lithium ions in electrolyte and devices such as a battery shell; R 2 is the interface impedance caused by the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film; R 3 is the charge-transfer resistance during an electrochemical reaction; it can be seen that the TNTCDA-NiPc electrode has a decreasing trend in EIS impedance after long cycles, which has a corresponding relationship with the cycle performance of batteries ( Fig. 7 ): the specific capacity decreased gradually at the former 42 times, and increased to a level much higher than the initial discharge capacity from 42 to 150 times, and then maintained a relatively stable specific capacity.

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