of borderline significancep = 0.052
Regarding the analyses stratified by gender, the results were the same overall (supplementary Appendix 3): (i) a direct effect of biomechanical factors on the risk of shoulder disorders in both genders (sc = 0.17, p = 0.051 in men and 0.20, p = 0.023 in women), and no direct effect for psychosocial factors, although the association between psychological demand and shoulder disorders was of borderline significance (sc = 0.13, p = 0.052).