Hidden challenges behind ecosystem services improvement claims.

Although the total area of aquatic ecosystems in the Shandong Province shows an increasing trend from 2000 to 2020 (see Table S9 ), the area of the natural aquatic ecosystem (i.e., lake ecosystem) shows a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2020 (−13%) (see Table S9 ), which may result in the homogeneity of ecosystem functions, consequently opposite to maintaining the functions of the aquatic ecosystems and to ensuring the sustainable use of water bodies in the long run.

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Finally, the total ES in these two provinces shows an increasing trend during 2000–2020.

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The harm is particularly severe when reduction in precipitation occurs during the growing season of crops, which means that seasonal regulation of water resources in these areas is extremely significant ( Piao et al., 2010 ).

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