Fertility costs of cryptic viral infections in a model social insect.

We found a highly significant reduction in ovary mass (linear mixed model; t = − 4.37, df = 104, p < 0.0001) in failed queens across surveys (Supplementary Table S1 and Fig. 1 a), indicating that small ovaries are a widespread phenotype associated with poor fecundity, as described by beekeepers.

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