Current Evidence for the Association between Air Pollution and Parkinson's Disease.

ntrast, a study in Korea reported that exposure to O 3 was not associated with the risk of PD (hazard ratio: 0.83; 95% confidence interval: 0.51–1.35).[ 20 ] Three recent meta-analyses concluded that O 3 increases the risk of PD,[ 25 , 26 , 29 ] although one of these calculated only a marginally or borderline significant higher risk of PD (relative risk: 1.01; 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.02).[ 25 ] NO 2 NO 2 is a reddish-brown gas emitted from human activities that involve combustion of fossil fuels at high temperatures.[ 33 ] NO 2 is toxic to the respiratory system, promoting the development of asthma and pote

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