Holm oak decline is determined by shifts in fine root phenotypic plasticity in response to belowground stress.

In addition, the marginally significant decrease of the starch content in the fine roots of the declining holm oak trees in comparison with the fine roots of the susceptible ones (Fig. 4b ) may be caused by the decrease of canopy carbon uptake, which in turn may be caused by a decrease in foliage cover and hence in the capacity of the trees to properly photosynthesize (Willaume & Pagès, 2006 , 2011 ; Peguero‐Pina et al ., 2018 ).

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