Particulate matter may have a limited influence on maternal vitamin D levels.

Although both effect sizes of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in the fully adjusted models were small (β-value of PM 2.5 = − 0.032; β-value of PM 10 = − 0.039, respectively), they were highly significant ( P -value < 0.00001).

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Table S5 shows that the interaction between age and PM 2.5 was not significant (linear interaction P -value = 0.08 and non-linear interaction P -value = 0.06), while Table S6 shows the interaction between age and PM 10 had a marginally significant effect on serum 25OHD levels (linear P -value for interaction = 0.045 and non-linear P -value for interaction = 0.04).

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