Illustration of Gut-Thyroid Axis in Alcohol Use Disorder: Interplay of Gut Dysfunction, Pro-Inflammatory Responses, and Thyroid Function.

TNF-α, one of the earliest cytokines in the pro-inflammatory cascade associated with AUD-related gut dysfunction [ 21 ], was significantly associated with NDD90 ( p = 0.018) in Gr.2 patients and close to significance with HDD90 ( p = 0.050).

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Assessment of Alcohol and Its Effect on the Gut–Brain–Thyroid Axis When analyzing the effect of alcohol-induced gut dysfunction and pro-inflammatory state on thyroid function, there were highly significant correlations demonstrated within Gr.2 in particular.

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