Long-Time Persisting Superhydrophilicity on Sapphire Surface via Femtosecond Laser Processing with the Varnish of TiO₂.

According to the theoretical calculations on the energy band structure change of the anatase TiO 2 after the metal ions doping [ 56 ], we can deduce that the bandgap of our Al 3+ doped TiO 2 film presents a decreasing trend, as shown in Figure 6 a.

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