Guarding food safety with conventional and up-conversion near-infrared fluorescent sensors.

To this end, a series of schemes such as electron transfer, protection-deprotection, characteristic spirocyclization, and fluorophore integration have been devised to efficaciously endow organic fluorophores with optically available tunable groups, which provide highly significant optical advantages for sensing, including low fluorescence background, long decay length, or structural and functional variability [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] .

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