Cascade two-stage tumor re-oxygenation and immune re-sensitization mediated by self-assembled albumin-sorafenib nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic immunotherapy.

∗ P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant; ∗∗ P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 were extremely significant; NS, no significant difference. 3 Results and discussion 3.1 SRF depressed PD-L1 expression in vitro Recently, it was newly proved that enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK protein effectively induced by metformin could downregulate the tumor surface expression of PD-L1 protein, leading to alleviated tumor immunosuppression microenvironment via breaking the PD-1 and PD-L1 recognition 34 .

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