highly significantp < 0.001
PERMANOVA indicated highly significant growth stage-dependent differences between the YL elemental concentrations (R 2 = 0.541, p < 0.001) and a significant impact by soil substrate (R 2 = 0.141, p < 0.001), but maize genotype (WT/ rth3 ) had a minor impact (R 2 = 0.012, p < 0.022).