Among these, the former was also the most significant regulator in the KO group ( p = 5.68 × 10 −9 ), while PHIP was the highly significant and exclusive regulator in the KO group fed with ω-3 PUFA ( p = 1.26 × 10 −5 ).
Remarkably, the involvement of a higher number of canonical pathways was observed in the retina of mice administered with ω-3 PUFA, regardless of the genotype, with an overall trend of activation, as evidenced by the positive z-scores of three major pathways comprising the opioid signalling pathway ( p = 5.09 × 10 −4 ; z-score = 2.0) in the KO group, and the sirtuin ( p = 5.96 × 10 −3 ; z-score = 2.0) and nitric oxide signalling pathways ( p = 2.19 × 10 −4 ; z-score = 1.0) in the floxed group.
Further analysis to identify the specifically affected canonical pathways that were significantly ( p < 0.05) altered following treatment with ω-3 PUFA in the floxed mice showed an interesting trend that closely mimicked the KO mice treated with PBS.