Persistence of birth mode-dependent effects on gut microbiome composition, immune system stimulation and antimicrobial resistance during the first year of life.

caccae also showed an increasing trend in the CSD group at 6 months and after 1 year of age, while B. caecimuris was significantly increased in CSD at 5 days after birth (Fig. 1b ; FDR-adjusted p < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) and showed an increasing trend at 1 year of age.

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