The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain.

194 The use of ISF in isolation as a treatment was performed by Postacchini et al, who demonstrated in a prospective study that a stand-alone ISF, with minimally invasive decompression in stenotic patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis, provided fusion and highly significant improvement in all outcome measures at a two-year follow-up. 195 This finding was supported in a multicenter RCT directly comparing ISF with decompression to decompression alone. 196 Two-year follow-up was performed on moderate to severe spinal stenosis with the primary endpoint being superior for the ISF with decompression group, as well as patients in the decompression alone group being more likely to undergo a secondary intervention or injections.

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