The Prevalence and 5-Year Incidence Rate of Cigarette Smoking and Water-Pipe Tobacco Smoking and Their Associated Factors among 15 to 80 Years Old Urban Population in Southeast Iran: Results from KERCADR Study.

26 High exposure to smoke is associated with an increasing trend of morbidities and mortality of non-communicable diseases and malignancies in Iran. 27 Implementing effective community-based interventions are needed to change this unhealthy pattern. 28 , 29 The prevalence of opioid dependence, another risk factor for CVD in the area, 30 was significantly higher among cigarette smokers ( Table 3 ), requiring immediate educational intervention by the health services.

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