High titre neutralizing antibodies in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection require RBD-specific CD4 T cells that include proliferative memory cells.

There was a highly significant positive correlation between CD25+ OX40+ CD4 T cell responses to RBD and CD4 T cell proliferation responses to RBD (pearsons’ rho=0.89, p <0.0001) ( Figure 1D ), as we have previously reported for a variety of other recall antigens ( 20 ).

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