IL-21 signaling promotes the establishment of KSHV infection in human tonsil lymphocytes by increasing differentiation and targeting of plasma cells.

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA analysis revealed a highly significant increase in total plasma cell frequency ( Figure 1F ) associated with both IL-21 treatment (p=0.002, F=14.1) and KSHV infection (p=0.002, F=14.4) with a significant interaction of the two variables (p=0.001, F=17.8), indicating that KSHV and IL-21 synergistically increase total plasma cell numbers in our ex vivo cultures ( Figure 1G ).

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