Screening of an individualized treatment strategy for an advanced gallbladder cancer using patient-derived tumor xenograft and organoid models.

Quantification of the area under the curve indicated that nivolumab did not have a particularly prominent tumor suppressive effect on the PDO in co-culture ( Figure 3D ); however, our analysis of organoid tumor activity in co-culture indicated a highly significant reduction in PDO cell viability (P<0.001) after treatment with a high concentration of nivolumab compared to that in the control ( Figure 3E ).

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