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The Effect of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Volleyball-Specific Skills and Physical Performance in Volleyball Players.

Nutrients · 2022 · PMC9823551 · PMID 36615750

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a positive trendno p-value reported
Although the results during the accuracy service test did not reach a significant improvement, a positive trend (ES = 0.57) in caffeine condition has been observed.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.