The altered metabolites contributed by dysbiosis of gut microbiota are associated with microbial translocation and immune activation during HIV infection.

At the same time, AIDS and pre-AIDS groups had lower levels of phosphonoacetate and anti-inflammatory metabolites, such as vitamin B3 (niacinamide and nicotinamide riboside) ( 46 , 47 ), vitamin B6 [pyridoxine ( 48 ) and pyridoxamine ( 49 )], ectoine ( 50 ), cinnamaldehyde ( 51 ), salidroside ( 52 , 53 ), melatonin ( 54 , 55 ) and fumaric acid ( 56 ), among which niacinamide, pyridoxine, ectoine, cinnamaldehyde and salidroside exhibited a decreasing trend with the severity of disease.

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