Urbanization increases stochasticity and reduces the ecological stability of microbial communities in amphibian hosts.

Furthermore, although the average degree and graph density representing the network complexity over the urbanization gradient were markedly reduced, the network modularity, representing functional units ( Luo et al., 2006 ) or niches ( Eiler et al., 2012 ), and keystone taxa numbers exhibited an increasing trend ( Figure 6C ).

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