Over the past 30 years, the number of deaths increased from 192.4 thousand in 1990 to 263.6 thousand in 2019, the DALYs increased from 3969.5 thousand in 1990 to 5055.9 thousand in 2019, but the ASMR showed a downward trend with an EAPC of −2.82 (95% CI: −8.61 to 3.34) from 1990 to 2019, the ASDR also showed a decreasing trend with an EAPC of −2.02 (95% CI: −7.85 to 4.19), respectively.
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Trends in the Burden of COPD Attributable to Ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> Exposure in China 1990-2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis.
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