Half-century trends in alpha and beta diversity of phytoplankton summer communities in the Helsinki Archipelago, the Baltic Sea.

A decreasing trend was revealed while controlling for the seasonal (month) and spatial (sampling location) variability, with a potential breakpoint in early 1990s, in the pelagic locations ( Fig. 5A ).

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The Baltic Sea is one of the most heavily trafficked seas in the world; ~15% of the world’s cargo transportation takes place in the area with an increasing trend over the decades ( Stankiewicz & Vlasov, 2009 ).

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