highly significantp < 0.0001
A mixed-effects model ANOVA found a highly significant effect of the period (13 vs. 17 months) on the likelihood of pointing during touching by caregivers ( F (1, 27) = 62.69, p < 0.0001), which showed that toddlers were less likely to point while the caregiver were touching toddlers to assist them when they were 17 months old, compared to when they were 13 months old.