Does combined training of biofeedback and neurofeedback affect smoking status, behavior, and longitudinal brain plasticity?

Pairwise comparisons of vitamin E levels between the three evaluation phases, showed a marginally significant increase between T0 and T2 in both low and high-dependent smokers. 3.2 Behavioral data 3.2.1 Self-administered questionnaires reported an improving behavioral profile 3.2.1.1 Decreased nicotine dependence and decreasing trend in withdrawal symptoms Participants considerably decreased their degree of dependence across time as shown by the Fagerström test of nicotine dependence (Heatherton et al., 1991 ).

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Recently (Pandria et al., 2018 ), we explored the effects of skin-temperature training on clinical indicators such as exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and total oxidative stress (TOS) showing a decreasing trend in both indicators.

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While an increasing trend of vitamin E levels was found in high-dependent smokers, a significant increase was observed only in low-dependent smokers.

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