Temporal changes in the systemic concentrations of retinoids in pregnant and postpartum women.

Retinol concentration exhibited a decreasing trend across pregnancy although the changes were marginally significant [β: -0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.01–0.00; p -value = 0.0535] ( Fig 2A ).

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The plasma concentrations of RBP4 remained constant over the course of pregnancy and exhibited an increasing trend of ~10% after delivery ( Fig 2B ). at RA and 4-oxo- at RA at RA concentrations ranged from 1.01 to 9.07 nM with an average of 4.78±1.23 nM. 4-Oxo- at RA levels were below limit of quantification (i.e., 1 nM), which is consistent with the previous report in nonpregnant subjects [ 6 ].

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