Quantifying the association between psychological distress and low back pain in urban Europe: a secondary analysis of a large cross-sectional study.

BMJ Open · 2023 · PMC9936285 · PMID 36797024

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

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closest p

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boldest claim

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highly significantno p-value reported

Being a cross-sectional survey, this association, though strong, consistent across all cities and countries, and highly significant, cannot be assumed to be causal.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.