Formula constant optimisation techniques including variation of keratometer or corneal refractive index and consideration for classical and modern IOL formulae.

PLoS One · 2023 · PMC9956664 · PMID 36827418

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a positive trendno p-value reported

We can see from the graphs (blue regression lines) that the Hoffer Q formula (slope: -0.0837/-0.0090 dpt/mm for dataset 1/2) has a negligible trend error for corneal radius, whereas the Holladay 1 formula (slope: 0.3630/0.2343 dpt/mm for dataset 1/2) shows a positive trend error.

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