Association of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio with disease severity and exacerbation history Both MMP-9 and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were statistically greater in COPD patients in GOLD stages 3 and 4 ( p = 0.003; p ≤ 0.001) and were also higher in the patients with AECOPD ≥ 2 but failed to reach statistical significance (Table 6 ).
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The usefulness of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio for diagnosis and assessment of COPD severity.
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