Puppies Raised during the COVID-19 Lockdown Showed Fearful and Aggressive Behaviors in Adulthood: An Italian Survey.

The results of the one-paired sample t -test on the factors that emerged from the construct validity analysis showed a significant difference between dogs raised during and after the quarantine period for the “Fear” factor; furthermore, a statistical trend ( p = 0.057) was found for the differences in terms of aggressivity (see Figure 1 for descriptive statistics and graphical information).

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The level of significance was set at α = 0.05; meanwhile, α levels between 0.05 and 0.10 were considered to be marginally significant. 3.

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(2021), our study showed a trend toward increased handling fear in lockdown puppies, a behavioral alteration quite similar to that sometimes observed in dogs during veterinary examinations [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].

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