Alterations of gut microbes and their correlation with clinical features in middle and end-stages chronic kidney disease.

According to the previous studies, the composition of intestinal microbial colonies in the ESRD and CKD patients also showed a trend toward of simplification compared with the healthy human body ( Ren et al., 2020 ; Luo et al., 2021 ).

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Consistent with previous studies, alpha diversity was reported to show a decreasing trend but also did not reach significance in the middle and end stages of CKD disease ( Jiang et al., 2017 ).

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