High levels of indoor fine particulate matter during the cold season in Almaty prompt urgent public health action.

As with the outdoor concentrations, we found highly significant differences in between-days comparison using Kruskall-Wallis test (p<0.001) ( Fig 3 ).

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A clear trend of increasing I/O with simultaneous increase in data left-skewness was identified, and the largest I/O ratio was registered at lag8, when indoor PM2.5 mass concentration was almost half of what was outdoors two hours before ( Table 3 ).

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