Single cell profiling at the maternal-fetal interface reveals a deficiency of PD-L1⁺ non-immune cells in human spontaneous preterm labor.

In the laboring pregnancies, we observed a correlation between PD-L1 + cell abundance and gestational age that did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.06) (Supplementary Fig. 12 ), but this trend was driven largely by the greater abundance of PD-L1 + non-immune cells in term pregnancies.

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There was little evidence for an increasing trend between 20 and 35 weeks.

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