The effects of COVID-19-era unemployment and business closures upon the physical and mental health of older Europeans: Mediation through financial circumstances and social activity.

Concerning extent of face-to-face contact with non-relatives, there was a significant trend of those reporting “less often” than about once a week having more anxiety symptoms (OR: 1.440, p < 0.05) than those reporting “daily.” In both models, women had more anxiety symptoms.

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There was a marginally significant trend of those making ends meet “with great difficulty” having more depressive symptoms (OR: 1.598, p < 0.10) than those doing so “easily.” Loneliness predicted depressive symptoms, with those having felt lonely “often” having an OR of 10.868 (p < 0.001) when compared with those having felt lonely “hardly ever or never.” Less frequent face-to-face contact with non-relatives also predicted depressive symptoms, with those reporting “never” having an OR of 1.909 (p < 0.01) when compared with those reporting “daily.” Women had more depressive symptoms in both models.

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