Serum cortisol is negatively related to hippocampal volume, brain structure, and memory performance in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Mediation analysis – indirect effects of cortisol on memory performance in HS As both cortisol level and memory performance were significantly associated with left hippocampal volume in HS and given a negative trend (though not statistically significant) for the relationship between serum cortisol and memory performance, we tested whether the left hippocampal volume was possibly mediating the effect of serum cortisol on memory performance ( Figure 4 ).

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Group differences remained highly significant even when controlling for age, sex, BMI, education (though groups did not differ significantly in these covariates) and ApoE status [ANCOVA, F (1, 51) = 10.199, p = 0.002].

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