Extrafollicular IgD^-CD27^-CXCR5^-CD11c^- DN3 B cells infiltrate inflamed tissues in autoimmune fibrosis and in severe COVID-19.

Circulating DN2, DN3, and DN4 B cells were all significantly increased as a proportion of all DN B cells in IgG4-RD, while in severe COVID-19, circulating DN2 B cells were significantly increased, and DN3 and DN4 B cells showed a trend toward an increase as well ( Figure 2 C).

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