Particle Exposure Hazards of Visiting Outdoor Smoking Areas for Patients with Asthma or COPD Even in EU Countries with Comprehensive Smokefree Laws.

This suggests that there are disease, gender, age, weight, and smoking effects in the responses, but these were directional changes only, which did not reach statistical significance except for female asthmatics who increased rates in line with a reduction in spirometry [ 34 ].

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