Trap and ambush therapy using sequential primary and tumor escape-selective oncolytic viruses.

10 , 21 Splenocytes from mice treated with three rounds of VSV-IFN-β virotherapy consistently showed a trend toward increased T cell responses against this CSDE1 P5S -containing EATA peptide (MSFDSNLLH) compared with the CSDE1 WT peptide (MSFDPNLLH), although this did not reach significance ( Figure 4 A)—suggesting that very low levels of T cell priming against the emerging CSDE1 P5S epitope were occurring.

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Of several potential T cell immune checkpoint mediators, we observed a highly significant increased expression of CD200R1, an inhibitory/immunosuppressive receptor known to be expressed on monocytes and dendritic cells ( Figures 4 C and 4D). 33 , 34 High levels of induced expression of CD200R1 were observed in both splenocytes and whole tumor explants following treatment with the therapeutically most effective treatment of (VSV-IFN-β)×2 + (VSV-IFN-β-P/M)×1 compared with any of the other treatments ( Figures 4 C and 4D).

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