Hyperglycemia is associated with duodenal dysbiosis and altered duodenal microenvironment.

However, higher zonulin levels showed a positive trend towards increased duodenal bacterial load (r s = 0.36, p = 0.061) and zonulin correlations also extended to obesity associated parameters such as body mass index (r s = 0.65, p = 0.01E−02), waist circumference (r s = 0.47, p = 0.009), and hip circumference (r s = 0.53, p = 0.003) (Supplementary Table 3 ).

also in 4,910 other papers

There was a marginal elevation in the level of inflammatory cytokine, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) (13.9 pg/ml versus 11.9 pg/ml, p = 0.162) in hyperglycemics, which showed a trend of positive correlation with HbA1c (r s = 0.26, p = 0.066) (Fig. 4 b).

also in 22,539 other papers