Airway and systemic biomarkers of health effects after short-term exposure to indoor ultrafine particles from cooking and candles - A randomized controlled double-blind crossover study among mild asthmatic subjects.

IL-1β and TNF-α showed a significant or near-significant decline from 5 to 24 h following cooking and candle exposure compared to clean air exposure (Table 2 ).

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Linear mixed models supplemented with Student’s t-test for changes over time for each exposure showed significant and borderline significant increases for early and late EPCs between 0 and 5 h for all exposures suggesting diurnal effects (data not shown).

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