Using the EV-enriched fraction as our baseline, we found that HIV-1 virions were enriched in cholesterol esters, ceramides, hexosylceramides, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphati-dylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanol-amine, oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and oxidized phosphatidylserine with a strong trend toward decreased sphingomyelins ( Fig. 5 A ).
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Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 impairs HIV-1 envelope formation and substantially delays or eliminates viral rebound.
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