Schistosoma mansoni infection alters the host pre-vaccination environment resulting in blunted Hepatitis B vaccination immune responses.

mansoni -infected groups for cTfh17 cells pre-vaccination did not reach statistical significance, they were significantly lower in S . mansoni -infected individuals at M12 post-vaccination (no vs. low P = 0.024, no vs. high P = 0.006) ( Fig 4E ).

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