Tumor-derived GDF-15 blocks LFA-1 dependent T cell recruitment and suppresses responses to anti-PD-1 treatment.

In the presence of CXCL9 and CXCL10, which can recruit T cells into tumors 33 , GDF-15-mediated inhibition of T cell adhesion to HUVEC was also highly significant (Fig. 1e ).

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While the number of tumors that could be harvested and assessed by flow cytometry after day 23 was too small to allow for valid conclusions, effects on immune cell infiltration still showed a trend (Fig. 3m–o ).

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