α<sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin deficiency associated with increased risk of heart failure.

However, if the analysis of the population-based cohort was restricted to only those individuals who had α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency without knowledge of the condition (n=203), the results were similar to those presented, although the hazard ratios did not reach statistical significance due to lower statistical power for the analysis (adjusted hazard ratio for heart failure hospitalisation 1.76, 95% CI 0.98–3.17; adjusted hazard ratio for heart failure-specific mortality 3.11, 95% CI 0.74–13.0).

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