Saffron extract interferes with lipopolysaccharide-induced brain activation of the kynurenine pathway and impairment of monoamine neurotransmission in mice.

Interestingly, PC1 was associated with higher levels of inflammatory factors ( Figure 8A ) and a highly significant LPS effect ( p < 0.001) in the three brain areas, as well as a pretreatment by treatment interaction ( p < 0.05) in the STR.

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Likewise, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (Kynu) expression appeared to be upregulated by LPS when administrated alone, but this did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 6B ).

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