Metabolomic biomarkers of habitual B vitamin intakes unveil novel differentially methylated positions in the human epigenome.

All 18 metabolomic associations reported in the main analysis remained nominally significant after adjusting for diet quality and energy intake ( p < 0.05) (Additional file 1 : Table S3), and 10 metabolomic associations remained significant after multiple testing correction, including 1-docosahexaenoyl-GPC (22:6)*, pyridoxate, uridine and DHA metabolites later on used in the downstream epigenome-wide association analysis.

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Only cg20732160, located in the PFKFB4 gene and previously associated with pipecolate (a marker of folate and vitamin B6), was borderline significant with B12 ( b = − 0.004 ± 0.002, p = 0.06).

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