Fluctuations and individual differences in empathy interact with stress to predict mental health, parenting, and relationship outcomes.

Further examination of this interaction (see Figure 3D ) yielded marginally significant effects, with fluctuations in empathic concern positively associated with emotional exhaustion only when stress levels were low ( b = 0.05, 95% CI [0.001, 0.09], β = 0.07, p = 0.047), while it was negatively associated with emotional exhaustion when stress levels were high ( b = −0.09, 95% CI [−0.16, −0.02], β = −0.12, p = 0.01).

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Perspective-taking Although nominally significant and did not pass a multiple testing correction, fluctuations in perspective-taking were associated with lower depressive symptoms.

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