Heterogeneous responses of wetland vegetation to climate change in the Amur River basin characterized by normalized difference vegetation index from 1982 to 2020.

For a given significance level α, UF k > UF α indicates a significant trend change in the sequence of X . 3) The time series data are arranged in reverse order, and the above calculation is repeated to obtain UB k , indicated as follows: U B k = − U F k 4) When the significance level α is set to 0.05, as in this study, the value of U 1- α /2 is ± 1.96 ( Wang R. et al., 2020 ).

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When Q median > 0, the climate or NDVI time series has an increasing trend, whereas when Q median < 0, a decreasing trend is indicated.

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